How we calculate
Every SureCalcs calculator follows the same principles: standard, published formulas; official data; clearly stated assumptions; and automated tests that check results against independently verified values.
Formulas
Loan and mortgage payments use the standard amortization formula. Savings and investment growth use compound-interest and annuity formulas, simulated period by period so that contributions, compounding frequency, taxes and inflation are handled exactly. Time-value-of-money functions follow the same conventions as Excel and Google Sheets (PV, FV, PMT, NPER and RATE), and interest rates are solved numerically to a precision far beyond one cent. Each calculator page shows its formula and a worked example.
Rounding
Calculations are carried out at full precision and only rounded for display, usually to the cent or to the whole dollar. Lenders and payroll systems round at each step, so their figures can differ from ours by a few cents.
Tax calculations
Income tax and paycheck estimates apply the 2026 federal tax brackets, standard deductions, credits and payroll-tax rules published by the IRS and the Social Security Administration, and each state’s 2026 brackets and deductions. They are estimates: they don’t cover every credit, deduction or local tax, and your actual withholding depends on your Form W-4.
Data sources
- Average US household spending by category (BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey), used by the budget calculator (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- Consumer Expenditures--2024 (news release, Dec. 19, 2025)
- Average annual expenditures and characteristics of all consumer units, Consumer Expenditure Surveys, 2021-2024
- Table 1101. Quintiles of income before taxes: Annual expenditure means, shares, standard errors, and relative standard errors, Consumer Expenditure Surveys, 2024
- CE glossary
- Maximum loan-to-value limits for cash-out refinances (Fannie Mae, HUD, VA) (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- Freddie Mac: Maximum LTV/TLTV/HTLTV Ratio Requirements for Conforming and Super Conforming Mortgages
- Fannie Mae Selling Guide B2-1.3-03: Cash-Out Refinance Transactions (12/10/2025)
- HUD Handbook 4000.1, FHA Single Family Housing Policy Handbook (Update 18, Aug. 12, 2026), II.A.8.d.v Cash-Out Refinances
- VA Home Loans: Purchase & Cash-Out Refinance Home Loans
- VA: Funding fee and closing costs (rates effective April 7, 2023)
- CFPB: What other types of loans are similar to a HELOC?
- Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), 1913–present (retrieved 2026-09-28)
- BLS Series Report CUUR0000SA0, 1913-2026 with the include-annual-averages option (data.bls.gov, extracted 2026-09-28)
- FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: CPIAUCNS (monthly CSV, used to cross-check every monthly value)
- FRED CPIAUCNS annual average aggregation (cross-check)
- BLS Consumer Price Index News Release, August 2026 (released 2026-09-11)
- BLS Consumer Price Index News Release, November 2025 (released 2025-12-18; October 2025 data not collected)
- BLS: 2025 federal government shutdown impact on the CPI
- 2026 federal income tax brackets, deductions, credits, FICA and retirement limits (retrieved 2026-09-28)
- IRS IR-2025-103 (Oct. 9, 2025): IRS releases tax inflation adjustments for tax year 2026, including amendments from the One, Big, Beautiful Bill
- IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-32 (2026 inflation-adjusted items, incl. OBBBA amendments)
- IRS: Working Families Tax Cuts (One, Big, Beautiful Bill) - Individuals and workers provisions
- IRS FS-2025-03: Tax deductions for working Americans and seniors
- IRS 2026 Schedule 1-A (Form 1040) Additional Deductions - early release draft (created 6/16/26)
- IRS 2026 Schedule 8812 (Form 1040) Credits for Qualifying Children and Other Dependents - early release draft
- Bank prime loan rate used as the default HELOC index (Federal Reserve H.15) (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- 2027 HSA contribution limits and high-deductible health plan requirements (IRS Rev. Proc. 2026-24) (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- IRS Rev. Proc. 2026-24: 2027 HSA inflation-adjusted amounts
- IRS Rev. Proc. 2025-19: 2026 HSA inflation-adjusted amounts
- IR-2025-119: Treasury, IRS provide guidance on new tax benefits for health savings account participants under the One, Big, Beautiful Bill (Notice 2026-05)
- IRS Publication 969, Health Savings Accounts and Other Tax-Favored Health Plans
- 2026 IRS standard mileage rates, including the July 1 increase (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- IRS, Standard mileage rates (2026 rates for July 1 to Dec. 31 and Jan. 1 to June 30; rates for prior years)
- IRS Announcement 2026-11, Optional Standard Mileage Rates (Internal Revenue Bulletin 2026-29)
- IRS Notice 2026-10, 2026 Standard Mileage Rates
- IRS Publication 463, Travel, Gift, and Car Expenses (2025 edition)
- IRS Topic no. 502, Medical and dental expenses
- IRS Topic no. 506, Charitable contributions
- Gross and net profit margins by U.S. sector (NYU Stern, Damodaran), used by the margin calculator (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- Current mortgage, auto loan, savings and other market rates used as defaults (retrieved 2026-09-28)
- 2026 Medicare Part A and B premiums, deductibles and IRMAA tables (CMS) (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- CMS, 2026 Medicare Parts A & B Premiums and Deductibles (fact sheet, November 14, 2025)
- Medicare.gov, Medicare costs (Part B premium, deductible and coinsurance)
- 20 CFR 418.1135, Modified adjusted gross income used for the income-related monthly adjustment amount (tax year 2 years prior)
- 20 CFR 418.1010, Definition of modified adjusted gross income
- 20 CFR 418.1205, Major life-changing events
- State and DC minimum wages and tipped cash wages for 2026 (U.S. Department of Labor) (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- U.S. Department of Labor, State Minimum Wage Laws (table updated July 1, 2026)
- U.S. Department of Labor, Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees (table revised July 1, 2026)
- California Department of Industrial Relations, Minimum Wage FAQ
- New York State Department of Labor, Minimum Wage
- Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, Minimum Wage
- Florida Constitution, Article X, Section 24 (Florida minimum wage)
- Employer payroll tax facts for 2026 (FUTA, deposits, state unemployment wage bases), used by the payroll calculator (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- IRS Publication 15 (2026), (Circular E), Employer's Tax Guide
- IRS Instructions for Form 940 (2025), Employer's Annual Federal Unemployment (FUTA) Tax Return
- IRS General Instructions for Forms W-2 and W-3 (2026)
- IRS: Independent contractor (self-employed) or employee?
- U.S. Department of Labor: FUTA Credit Reductions
- U.S. Department of Labor: Significant Provisions of State Unemployment Insurance Laws (effective January 2026)
- 2026 HHS poverty guidelines (Federal Register / ASPE) (retrieved 2026-09-30)
- Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines, Federal Register (January 15, 2026)
- ASPE, Poverty Guidelines (2026 tables and FAQs)
- HealthCare.gov, Federal poverty level (FPL) glossary entry
- HealthCare.gov, Medicaid expansion & what it means for you
- USDA Food and Nutrition Administration, SNAP eligibility
- U.S. Census Bureau, How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty
- Social Security cost-of-living adjustments and CPI-W (SSA, BLS) (retrieved 2026-10-14)
- SSA, Social Security Announces 3.6 Percent Benefit Increase for 2027 (press release, October 14, 2026)
- SSA, 2027 Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) Fact Sheet
- SSA, Latest Cost-of-Living Adjustment (the 2027 COLA computation)
- SSA, Contribution and Benefit Base (the 2027 taxable maximum)
- SSA, Cost-of-Living Adjustments (COLA series, 1975 to present)
- BLS, CPI-W, U.S. city average, all items, not seasonally adjusted (series CWUR0000SA0)
- Property tax rates, home values and homeowners insurance by state (retrieved 2026-09-28)
- U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-Year Table B25103 Mortgage Status by Median Real Estate Taxes Paid (Dollars)
- U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-Year Table B25077 Median Value (Dollars)
- Tax Foundation, Property Taxes by State and County, 2026 (cross-check: state effective rates = aggregate taxes paid / aggregate home value, ACS 2020-2024 5-year)
- Insurance.com, Average homeowners insurance rates by state in 2026
- Insurify, Average Home Insurance Rates by State (2026)
- Insurance Information Institute, Facts + Statistics: Homeowners and renters insurance (NAIC average HO-3 premiums by state, 2022; background reference only)
- 2026 state individual income tax brackets and deductions
- State and average local sales tax rates (retrieved 2026-09-28)
- Tax Foundation - State and Local Sales Tax Rates, Midyear 2026 (Abir Mandal, July 6, 2026; rates as of July 1, 2026)
- Tax Foundation - Midyear 2026 sales tax data file (xlsx; full-precision local and combined rates)
- Tax Foundation - State and Local Sales Tax Rates, 2026 (rates as of January 1, 2026)
- Alabama Department of Revenue - Notice: State sales and use tax rate reduced on food beginning September 1, 2025 (Act 2025-305)
- Arkansas House of Representatives - Laws taking effect January 1st (state grocery tax eliminated)
- Sales Tax Institute - Arkansas exempts food from state sales tax (Act 1008 of 2025, effective Jan. 1, 2026)
- Wage growth from the BLS Employment Cost Index, used by the pay raise calculator (retrieved 2026-09-30)
Testing and review
- Each calculator has unit tests with reference values derived independently (closed-form results, published examples or a second implementation).
- Each page is reviewed for accuracy against primary sources, and every number quoted in the text is generated from the same code that powers the calculator, so text and results always agree.
- Tax brackets, contribution limits and other annual figures are updated when the IRS, SSA and states publish new values.
Limitations
Calculators can only be as accurate as their inputs and assumptions. Future interest rates, investment returns, inflation and tax laws are uncertain. Use the results as estimates and confirm important decisions with your lender, tax professional or financial adviser. If you spot an error, email hello@surecalcs.com.